We hold ourselves to one rule when we say anything about plastic, microplastic or aluminum: only repeat what a peer-reviewed paper, a named regulator, or a public industry body has already said in writing. Below is the underlying evidence for everything on this site. The numbers in [ ] in our copy correspond to the references at the foot of this page. Kami berpegang kepada satu peraturan apabila menyatakan apa sahaja tentang plastik, mikroplastik atau aluminium: hanya ulangi apa yang telah dikatakan secara bertulis oleh kertas kajian rakan sebaya, pengawal selia bernama, atau badan industri awam. Di bawah adalah bukti asas untuk semua yang ada di laman ini. Nombor dalam [ ] dalam salinan kami sepadan dengan rujukan di kaki halaman ini.
In January 2024, Qian et al. (Columbia & Rutgers) published Rapid single-particle chemical imaging of nanoplastics by SRS microscopy in PNAS.[1] Across the three bottled brands sampled, the average was ≈ 240,000 detectable plastic fragments per litre — a range of 110,000 to 370,000 — with roughly 90% measuring under one micrometer (nanoplastic). The dominant polymers were polyamide (from RO filtration membranes) and PET (from the bottle itself).
We always present this number as "according to a 2024 PNAS study" rather than as settled fact, in line with the cautionary tone in the authors' own subsequent letter (PNAS, Nov 2024).[2]
| Tissue | Microplastic confirmed | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Placenta | Ragusa et al. ("Plasticenta") | 2022 |
| Blood | Leslie et al. | 2022 |
| Lung tissue (mouse, PET-bottle MPs) | Rahman et al. | 2024 |
| Breast milk | Ragusa et al. | 2022 |
| Testicles | Hu et al. | 2024 |
| Brain (olfactory bulb) | Amato-Lourenço et al. | 2024 |
For a current synthesis we point readers to the MDPI Cancers state-of-the-art review (Nov 2024).[4]
WHO and IARC have not yet listed microplastics in the carcinogen classification register. The most measured language currently in print comes from the ACS rapid systematic review in Environmental Science & Technology (2024), which describes microplastic exposure as a "suspected" digestive hazard with a "suspected link to colon cancer."[5] That is the wording we use. We do not extend it.
Endocrine disruptors known to leach from PET — BPA, phthalates — are widely cited, but Malaysia-specific exposure data is thin. We do not invent any.
Policy context: National Roadmap Towards Zero Single-Use Plastics 2018–2030; Malaysian Plastics Sustainability Roadmap 2021–2030; KPKT Circular Economy Blueprint 2025–2035; mandatory EPR scheduled to 2030.[6]
For every tonne of recycled aluminum used in place of newly-smelted aluminum, we avoid approximately 14.6 tonnes of CO₂e — IAI 2022 LCA basis.